Author Archives: Dr. Kelly Roy, MD

About Dr. Kelly Roy, MD

Founder and Medical Director of ARIZONA GYNECOLOGY CONSULTANTS Dr. Kelly Roy is a specialist in surgical gynecology and advanced laparoscopy (and hysteroscopy). She is a long-time resident of Arizona and obtained her Bachelor of Science degree in Biomedical Engineering at Arizona State University before finishing her Doctorate of Medicine at the University of Arizona in 1997. Dr. Roy completed her residency in Obstetrics and Gynecology at the then “Banner Good Samaritan Hospital” (now Banner University Medical Center), in Phoenix Arizona in 2001. Well known for her teaching and surgical ability, she is on the faculty at the residency program at both Banner University Medical Center and Saint Joseph’s Hospital in central Phoenix and is a Clinical Assistant Professor of Medicine at the University of Arizona College of Medicine, Phoenix Campus. Dr. Roy has taught advanced surgical techniques to medical students, residents, fellows and colleagues for over 15 years. Dr. Roy is also a consultant to the medical device industry and has participated in the design and clinical testing of many instruments and surgical devices available on the world-wide market today. Read More About Dr. Kelly Roy, MD   |   WebMD Profile   |   Health.USNews.com Profile |  Current Obstetrics and Gynecology Reports: TFA with the Sonata System

Endometrial Ablation Surgery: Frequently Asked Questions and Resources for Women

Endometrial Ablation Surgery: Frequently Asked Questions and Resources for Women

This entry was posted in Health FAQs and tagged on by .

What is Endometrial Ablation?

Endometrial ablation is a surgical procedure to destroy the lining of the uterus (endometrium). Ablation is used to treat abnormal uterine bleeding, premenstrual syndrome, and painful periods. This form of treatment is not a first-line therapy, and is usually reserved as a solution when other methods have not brought satisfactory results.

Why Do I Need Endometrial Ablation surgery?

Endometrial ablation may be used as a treatment option for women who have abnormal uterine bleeding, premenstrual syndrome, and painful periods. It should only be reserved as an option when other methods of controlling bleeding, cramps and treating premenstrual syndrome have not been successful.

This procedure may be recommended if you have heavy or long periods, or abnormal bleeding that negative affects your daily life and activities, or causes anemia (low blood count).

What are the Risks and Side Effects of Endometrial Ablation?

Endometrial ablation is a common and relatively safe procedure for women. There is very little recovery time with endometrial ablation, and between 70-80% of women treated with ablation surgery are satisfied with the results of the operation. With any minimally invasive procedure, like endometrial ablation, there is a risk of complications. Though the risk of complications are low, common complications may include:

Possible Post-Operative Complications from Endometrial Ablation

  • Pregnancy After Endometrial Ablation
  • Pain-Related Obstructed Menses
  • Failure to Control Menses
  • Risk from Pre-Existing Conditions
  • Infection

In the past, intra-operative procedures had a higher risk of post-operative complications, but with new technology and a better understanding of expectations, today’s ablation procedures have many fewer complications – of-which, the risk of post-operative infection is the most serious.

Who Should Not Have Endometrial Ablation Surgery?

Endometrial ablation is not an option for every woman, and there are many things to consider before having this procedure. Endometrial ablation may not be recommended if you have the following:

  • A current infections (vaginal or cervical)
  • Pelvic inflammatory diseases
  • Current condition, or a history of cancer of the reproductive organs (endometrial, cervical, or uterine cancers)
  • If you were recently pregnant (within the past 6-12 months)
  • Weakness of the uterine muscle wall
  • If you currently have an IUD, Intra-uterine Device
  • If you have had a C-Section (either classic incision or vertical)
  • If you have uterine abnormalities that increase the risk of the procedure (narrow cervix or large uterus).

Will Endometrial Ablation Surgery Stop Me from Having my Period?

While the main goal of the surgery is to minimize or lessen the bleeding from menstruation, 10% of those women that have ablation surgery stop having their period. 70% of women that undergo endometrial ablation have significantly reduced bleeding. It is important to note that endometrial ablation is not used to stop you from having your period completely, but 10% of patients see this result.

Can I Get Pregnant After Endometrial Ablation?

Just as endometrial ablation is not used as a treatment to completely stop you from having your period altogether, endometrial ablation is not used as a form of contraception. This procedure is not meant for sterilization, rather it can cause infertility issues in women and is not recommended for those women who plan on having children in the future.

The risk of pregnancy complications – including increased risk of miscarriage – is much higher in women who have had endometrial ablation. Even though it is unlikely that you can become pregnant after endometrial ablation surgery, it is possible. It is important to remember that a woman who has had endometrial ablation still has her reproductive organs – it is just the lining of the uterus that has been affected.

Female Reproductive System Infographic

How Long Does it Take to Recovery after Endometrial Ablation Surgery?

Recovery time after endometrial ablation surgery is minimal, and you should be able to return to your normal routine in 3 days, in most cases. Allow for up to 2 weeks to recover fully physically, and to return to exercise and physical tasks.

The type of anesthesia used during the procedure will determine how quickly you recover immediately after the surgery, and if anesthesia was used, driving is not recommended for at least 2 days after the surgery.

Types of Endometrial Ablation Surgeries

There are several ways a gynecology surgical consultant may choose to perform an endometrial ablation, including:

Electrosurgery for Endometrial Ablation

Also called electrocautery, electrosurgery for endometrial ablation uses an electric wire loop or a roller ball. The instrument cauterizes the lining of the uterus, destroying the tissue.

Cryoablation Surgery for Endometrial Ablation

Similar to electrosurgery, an instrument or a probe is chilled to a temperature low enough to freeze and destroy tissue of the lining of the uterus.

Free Flowing Hot Fluid Endometrial Ablation

Also called fluid or hydrothermal ablation, this is a procedure where heated fluid is pumped into the uterus to destroy its lining.

Heated Balloon Endometrial Ablation

Very similar to the free flowing hot fluid procedure, the heated balloon procedure utilizes heated fluid within a balloon that is delivered to the uterus via a catheter.

Microwave Endometrial Ablation (MEA)

With MEA endometrial ablation, microwaves are used to destroy the lining of the uterus. Microwaves are delivered via an instrument/probe.

Radiofrequency Endometrial Ablation

Very similar to (MEA), Radiofrequency ablation utilizes radio waves to destroy the lining of the uterus.

Considerations before Endometrial Ablation

Even though endometrial ablation is safe and minimally invasive, it is still a surgical procedure. Therefore, you should consider the following before having endometrial ablation surgery:

  • Be sure that you have met with your gynecology surgical consultant and you understand the procedure fully, including risks and special considerations.
  • You will be asked to fast for at least 8 hours before testing procedures.
  • If you are pregnant or considering getting pregnant, be sure to tell this to your doctor.
  • Be sure your doctor knows any existing allergies that you have – including allergies to medications, latex, tape or adhesives, and local/general anesthesia allergies.
  • Let your doctor know if you are taking any blood thinning drugs or have a bleeding disorder. Blood thinners and medications that can prevent blood clotting may need to be discontinued before the operation.
  • Your doctor may prescribe medications as a pre-treatment before the operation.

Do You Have Questions or Concerns About Endometrial Ablation?
Call or contact us to speak with our gynecological surgery consultants (602) 358-8588

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What is a Hysterectomy?

What is a Hysterectomy?

A hysterectomy is uterus removal surgery. There are many reasons that a uterus must be removed, but in all cases, the woman’s health calls for such a procedure.

Reasons For A Hysterectomy

A woman’s reproductive system goes through three major hormonal changes during her lifetime. Puberty, pregnancy, and menopause all cause dramatic hormone shifts that can cause complications with the uterus, ovaries, or fallopian tubes.

Uterine Fibrosis

Uterine fibrosis is the development of benign lumps that grow in the uterus. These lumps are not cancerous but cause pain, bleeding, cramping, painful sex, and the urge to urinate. A hysterectomy will remove these lumps and the uterus, relieving the symptoms and guaranteeing they do not come back.

Cancer

Cancer of the uterus, cervix, or ovaries can call for the removal of all or some of these organs. The procedure must happen before cancer spreads.

Uterine Prolapse

Prolapse is when the uterus slides from its normal position into the vaginal canal. Prolapse can cause the collapse of other structures, such as the vagina and rectum. Removal of the uterus will maintain the structures of other pelvic organs.

Endometriosis

Endometriosis is when uterine tissue develops outside the uterus. It often causes extreme pain, heavy periods, and infertility. Endometriosis makes certain hysterectomy procedures more difficult.

Abnormal Vaginal Bleeding

If the uterus cannot maintain the uterine lining, a woman can experience bleeding not connected to menstruation.

Chronic Pelvic Pain

A uterus that is not performing correctly can cause severe pain in the pelvis.

Adenomyosis

Adenomyosis is the thickening of the uterus, which causes pain and makes it unfit for a fetus.

Types Of Hysterectomy

There are several different hysterectomy types; the procedure may not refer just to the removal of the uterus but to the removal of any combination of the reproductive organs.

Supracervical/Subtotal Hysterectomy

Removal of the upper part of the uterus takes place but the cervix remains. Some OB/GYNs will recommend this if they are uncomfortable or untrained in the removal of the cervix. See the advantages and disadvantages of leaving the cervix intact below.

Partial Hysterectomy

A partial hysterectomy is the removal of the uterus and the cervix. The ovaries and fallopian tubes remain intact.

Radical Hysterectomy

The uterus, cervix, and upper portion of the vagina are removed. Radical hysterectomies usually take place when cancer is present. No other hysterectomy removes any part of the vaginal canal.

Oophorectomy

Oophorectomy is the removal of the ovaries. This can take place with or without the removal of the uterus, especially in cases of ovarian cancer. One or both ovaries can be removed.

Salpingectomy

The removal of the fallopian tubes is a salpingectomy. The fallopian tubes connect the ovaries to the uterus. When a woman gets her “tubes tied,” the fallopian tubes are severed and tied to prevent pregnancy. One or both fallopian tubes can be removed.

Total Hysterectomy and Bilateral Salpingectomy-Oophorectomy

This is the term for the procedure in which the uterus, cervix, both ovaries, and both fallopian tubes are removed. It is also called a total hysterectomy. This occurs in the case of progressed cancer.

Reproductive Anatomy

In order to fully understand the effects of the different types of hysterectomies, one must understand the purpose of the various reproductive organs and the effects of their removal. Some organs produce hormones and removing them will spur changes in the body.

Uterus

The uterus, or womb, is the organ that houses the fetus during pregnancy. It does not produce hormones, but removing the uterus makes the body unable to become pregnant. Once the uterus is removed, there will no menstruation as there is no uterus to shed its uterine lining.

Ovaries

The ovaries house and release the eggs, or ovum. The ovaries also produce estrogen and other hormones that a woman uses post-puberty, during pregnancy, and in perimenopause. Menopause is the process of the ovaries no longer producing these hormones. The removal of the ovaries will prompt menopause, and women will experience hot flashes, mood swings, and the other symptoms that go along with this change. If only one ovary is removed, a woman will not experience this until she is at the age of menopause. Women who have already completed menopause will not go through it again at the removal of the ovaries. A woman can no longer become pregnant when her ovaries are removed. Pregnancy is still possible if only one ovary has been removed.

Fallopian Tubes

The fallopian tubes are the tubes between the ovaries and the uterus that houses the egg while it waits for fertilization. The removal of the fallopian tubes will not affect hormones but will prevent a woman from becoming pregnant.

Cervix

The cervix is the opening between the uterus and the vaginal canal. During pregnancy, the cervix prevents the fetus from moving outside of the uterus and dilates during birth to let the baby out. The cervix does not produce hormones. The removal of the cervix does not affect vaginal lubrication, cause prolapse, lessen sexual satisfaction, or guarantee a safer hysterectomy procedure. A cervix that has not been removed with the uterus during a hysterectomy can cause vaginal bleeding, a higher potential for cancer developing, and thus the need for more pap smears. The cervix may need to be removed to prevent the risk of cancer.

Methods For Hysterectomy Surgeries

An OB/GYN can use one of several different methods when performing a hysterectomy. Each has its all own advantages and disadvantages. Ask for information about which procedure is best for your situation.

Vaginal Hysterectomy

A vaginal hysterectomy is a procedure in which the uterus and other organs are removed through the vaginal canal.

Advantages

There are no incisions with a vaginal hysterectomy, making it the least-invasive form of hysterectomy, and the recovery is very quick as a result. It is especially effective in correcting prolapse. A vaginal hysterectomy is also cost-effective.

Disadvantages

A vaginal hysterectomy requires room in the vaginal canal to remove the uterus, as a result, it is not the best option for women who have not give birth vaginally. Larger uteri masses are more difficult to remove as well. There is a larger risk of bleeding due to an injury of the uterine or ovarian arteries and high risk of complications with patients who have had a cesarean section or previous pelvic surgery because the surgeon will have difficulty seeing other issues or complications in the area.

Laparoscopic Hysterectomy

A laparoscopic hysterectomy requires three to five small incisions in the abdomen. The procedure is then completed using long tools to remove the uterus or other organs.

Advantages

Laparoscopic surgery offers a faster recovery time. The patient is out of the hospital the next day and can go back to work two weeks later. It is safe to use if patients have undergone other pelvic procedures, such as a cesarean section, in the past. It is generally a better option for those who have large uterine masses to be removed or who are not candidates for vaginal hysterectomies. The OB/GYN completing the procedure has full access and visibility, lowering the risks of complications.

Disadvantages

There is a risk of injury to other organs, such as the bladder, and possible conversion to an open hysterectomy due to extreme endometriosis. It is less readily available because specialized training is required to complete the procedure safely.

Open Abdominal Hysterectomy

Open abdominal hysterectomies are still the most common procedures that take place. This is due to lack of training for laparoscopic hysterectomies.

Advantages

An open hysterectomy surgery allows for removal of any size masses.

Disadvantages

A large, 6- to 12-inch incision is made across the abdomen. This causes severe pain and 6 to 8 weeks of recovery. There are also higher hysterectomy complication rates, due to the invasive nature of the procedure.

What Are Congenital Uterine Anomalies - Arizona Gynecology Consultants

What Are Uterine Anomalies?

A congenital uterine anomaly is a uterus malformation that occurs during embryonic development. In the earliest stages of the life cycle, a woman’s uterus forms in two separate halves that grow together over time. Any small missteps in this development cycle can lead to a misshapen or malformed uterus, creating uterine problems later in life.

Congenital uterine anomalies happen to less than 5 percent of women. However, about 25 percent of women who miscarried have some sort of congenital uterine anomaly. Congenital uterine anomalies mostly occur due to random variations during embryonic development, but some uterine anomalies can result from in-utero exposure to certain substances.

For example, baby girls exposed to diethylstilbestrol (synthetic estrogen) are more prone to develop congenital uterine anomalies than others. Doctors often used this medication between 1938 and 1971 to help prevent miscarriages and premature births. Today, there are no known risk factors proven to increase the potential of developing a congenital uterine anomaly.

Types of Congenital Uterine Anomalies

Ultrasound is one of the most-used methods for diagnosing the type of uterine anomaly present in a patient. Doctors will use ultrasound imaging to determine how the patient’s uterus developed and what type of complications the anomaly may present later in life. Different anomalies will produce different effects and lead to varying long-term health complications.

Septate Uterus

One of the most common types of uterine anomalies, a septate uterus, describes a uterus with a normal uterine surface, but with two endometrial cavities. This anomaly occurs when the two halves of the uterus only partially combine during fetal development.

Bicornuate Uterus

The other most common uterine anomaly is a bicornuate uterus. Like the septate uterus, a bicornuate uterus has two endometrial cavities and one external uterine surface. However, a bicornuate uterus has an indented and abnormal uterine surface.

Arcuate Uterus

This uterine anomaly describes a uterus with a 1 cm or smaller indentation in the endometrial cavity.

Unicornuate Uterus

A unicornuate uterus develops only on one side. During fetal development, a baby girl’s uterus develops in two halves that gradually combine to form a single uterus. This anomaly occurs when only one half develops.

Didelphys Uterus

This uterine anomaly describes when the two halves of a developing uterus never combine, resulting in two separately developed halves.

Müllerian Anomalies

This congenital disorder affects about 4 percent of females and occurs during fetal development. This condition results from a malformation of the process of developing Müllerian ducts in the female reproductive system.

These conditions are more than just uterine anomalies, and kidneys often suffer as a result. A woman with a Müllerian anomaly may be missing a kidney, leading to additional medical complications later in life.

Symptoms of Uterine Anomalies

One common thread shared by all the different possible uterine anomalies is that most are asymptomatic. Some women may experience increased pain and discomfort during menstrual cycles, but for the most part, these anomalies do not create significant symptoms on their own.

However, the resulting symptoms often interfere with pregnancy and contribute to lost pregnancies and infertility. Many women do not discover they have a uterine anomaly until they undergo screening for infertility or miscarriage.

After one or more miscarriages, a woman may decide to have a screening to determine the cause, and this is the point when doctors diagnose most uterine anomalies. Women who do experience negative symptoms typically report inconsistent periods or no periods, but the most commonly reported symptoms relate to pregnancy.

Identifying Uterine Anomalies

Doctors use ultrasound imaging to determine which type of uterine anomaly a patient has, and treatment can include many options. Uterine anomaly surgery is a viable option for some women, as it may help restore uterine function and allow for a healthy pregnancy.

However, some anomalies are more difficult to treat, often leading to more significant medical complications. Doctors may also use hysterosalpingograms or MRI procedures to help diagnose uterine anomalies.

Treating Uterine Anomalies

Most uterine anomalies will not require treatment, but treatment generally involves surgery for uterine anomalies. After a positive diagnosis for a uterine anomaly, a women’s surgery specialist will advise the patient about her options.

Most corrective surgery is minimally invasive with little risk, but physicians will recommend surgery only if the uterine anomaly:

  • Prevents pregnancy
  • Results in miscarriage
  • Causes significant pain

Women who have a septate or bicornuate uterus may have the septum wall between the two endometrial cavities removed to restore healthy uterine function. In the case of a unicornuate uterus, the surgeon may remove the undeveloped portion of the uterus, and the patient could possibly have a viable pregnancy using the intact portion. Women at greater risk for premature delivery may require a cervical cerclage to prevent premature cervical dilation.

Is Surgery Right for Me?

Physicians only recommend surgery for a uterine anomaly if the condition prevents pregnancy or prevents the woman from maintaining a pregnancy to full term. In some cases, uterine anomalies can prevent a placenta from attaching correctly, resulting in a miscarriage.

Here are some vital facts to know about uterine anomalies an pregnancy:

  • A woman with a septate uterus has a 25 to 47 percent chance of experiencing a miscarriage.
  • A woman with a bicornuate uterus will have a higher risk of going into preterm labor.
  • Someone with a unicornuate uterus will have about a 37 percent chance of experiencing a miscarriage, and about a 17 percent chance of preterm labor.

Other medical issues, including cervical insufficiency and uterine fibroids, can also interfere with pregnancy and full-term delivery. It’s up to the individual to decide whether her anomaly warrants surgical intervention.

Ultimately, a uterine anomaly may result in only a slightly higher risk of miscarriage for a small malformation, but more significant uterine anomalies can make pregnancy or maintaining a pregnancy to full term impossible. Women should consult their physicians if they have trouble conceiving or experience a sudden onset of symptoms that could indicate a uterine anomaly.

Learn More About Infertility Problems and Testing

How Long Does Menopause Last on Average - Arizona Gynecology Consultants

How Long Does Menopause Last on Average?

This entry was posted in Menopause and tagged , on by .

The menopausal transition, or simply “menopause,” is a normal part of female aging. Once you start the transition, you’ll probably want to know exactly how long symptoms will last.

While every woman is different, here’s what to expect on average.

About Menopause

Estrogen Levels During Menopause Ages Graphic - Arizona Gynecology ConsultantsAll women experience menopause, with several different symptoms.[1]Sussman, M., Trocio, J., Best, C., Mirkin, S., Bushmakin, A. G., Yood, R., Friedman, M., Menzin, J., & Louie, M. (2015). Prevalence of menopausal symptoms among mid-life women: findings from … Continue reading The symptoms vary from woman to woman, and menopause is as unique a journey as the woman herself.

Menopause symptoms may include:

  • Hot flashes
  • Chills
  • Sleep problems / insomnia
  • Mood Swings / irritability
  • Pain during sex / vaginal dryness
  • Depression
  • Dry skin, dry eyes or dry mouth
  • Urinary urgency (a pressing need to urinate more frequently)

In few cases, women don’t have trouble with these symptoms. Once the menopausal transition is complete, you will no longer have to worry about periods or getting pregnant.

Hot Flashes

For most women, menopause is a relief that feels freeing in many ways. Getting through the transition, however, can be trying.

Knowing about how long your symptoms will last can help you focus on the light at the end of the tunnel. While you’re going through abrupt hot flashes and night sweats that keep you awake at night as well as irritability from lack of sleep, knowing that you’re just X amount of days from it being over can ease your mind.

 

Related Reading: Identify the Signs of Menopause [Infographic]

 

While there is no guarantee of exactly how long the transition will last, you can get a good idea of where you are on the journey by understanding the process and studying an average timeline.

The Average Timeline for Menopause

The menopause age range varies by more than a decade. The average age is 51, but menopause can start in women from their mid-40s to late 50s. Most women experience the menopause stage in this age range, while some report symptoms into their 60s. [2]Gold E. B. (2011). The timing of the age at which natural menopause occurs. Obstetrics and gynecology clinics of North America, 38(3), 425–440. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ogc.2011.05.002

Natural menopause happens in three stages:

  • Perimenopause
  • Menopause
  • Postmenopause

Sometimes perimenopause is confused with menopause. Perimenopause is when a woman starts to have hot flashes, night sweats and vaginal dryness. This can start as early as the 30’s or as late as the 60’s. This is considered either early or premature menopause and late menopause, and can occur for a variety of reasons, such as surgeries or hormonal changes.

Some women in perimenopause may also have the following symptoms:

  • Breast tenderness
  • Worsening of premenstrual syndrome (PMS)
  • Irregular periods or skipping periods
  • Periods that are heavier or lighter than usual

Additional symptoms may include:

  • Racing heart
  • Headaches
  • Joint and muscle aches and pains
  • Changes in libido (sex drive)
  • Difficulty concentrating, memory lapses (often temporary)
  • Weight gain
  • Hair loss or thinning

These symptoms are normal as part of the loss of estrogen production.[3]Iqbal, J., & Zaidi, M. (2009). Understanding estrogen action during menopause. Endocrinology, 150(8), 3443–3445. https://doi.org/10.1210/en.2009-0449 However, if these are new symptoms after starting perimenopause, consult your doctor in order to rule out other health issues.

Menopause that occurs before the age of 45, regardless of the cause, is called early menopause. Menopause that occurs at 40 or younger is considered premature menopause. Perimenopausal symptoms and age will be as individual as each woman. Talk to your doctor if you’re not sure whether you’re beginning the menopausal transition. 

Contributing Factors 

Primary Ovarian Insufficiency (POI) is another cause of premature menopause. With POI, younger women under 40, who have occasional  or no periods, and elevated levels of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), will have fewer eggs in their ovaries. This means lower estrogen levels as well and can cause bone density issues.

Happy womenAccording to the SWAN (Study of Women Across the Nation) study, smoking, either as a current smoker or former smoker, can also cause early onset of perimenopausal symptoms, such as hot flashes and night sweats, by at least two years.[4]Whitcomb, B. W., Purdue-Smithe, A. C., Szegda, K. L., Boutot, M. E., Hankinson, S. E., Manson, J. E., Rosner, B., Willett, W. C., Eliassen, A. H., & Bertone-Johnson, E. R. (2018). Cigarette … Continue reading Being overweight, stressed, depressed, or anxious can also start the ball rolling early. Ethnicity also plays a factor. African American women have a longer period of hot flashes – almost 11 years, while Japanese and Chinese women had half the time of dealing with hot flashes.[5]McKnight, K. K., Wellons, M. F., Sites, C. K., Roth, D. L., Szychowski, J. M., Halanych, J. H., Cushman, M., & Safford, M. M. (2011). Racial and regional differences in age at menopause in the … Continue reading

How Long is Menopause?

The perimenopausal stage can last from 10 months to four years on average, but has been known to last up to 10 years. It involves the body gradually decreasing in estrogen production until the last year or two, when estrogen levels drop dramatically. Perimenopause officially ends when a woman does not have her period for 12 consecutive months. 

Stages and symptoms of menopause

The woman is now at menopause. This is a point in time, rather than a period of time. The period of time after menopause is called postmenopause. Perimenopausal symptoms, such as hot flashes and night sweats may continue for another few months or even years after menopause has been reached. 

Other symptoms that may continue are sleep problems, cognitive issues, mood changes and muscle and joint pain. Vaginal dryness is a symptom that will continue and tends to get worse with age. Although, less than 30% of women experience it during perimenopause and only half experience it in postmenopause.

So, how long does menopause last? From the start of perimenopause to the final cessation of all menopausal symptoms, the average transition takes between two and 10 years. There are some women who go through the process more quickly or more slowly than the median time.

If you experience early or late menopause, you may need to add or subtract a year or two to this average timeline. Every woman should rely on medical professionals to assess symptoms, estimate the duration and prescribe treatments for symptom relief.

Do You Have Early or Late Menopause?

Figuring out if you’re going through the transition early or late can help you gain a better understanding of how long menopause will last. If you start having irregular periods in your mid-40s, you may be experiencing early or premature menopause.Menopause Infographic

Heavy bleeding, spotting, a period after a year of no periods, or periods that are noticeably longer or shorter than normal can all signal early menopause, especially in combination with other common menopausal symptoms. 

If you are 55 or older and still haven’t noticed menopause symptoms, your doctor may diagnose you with late-onset menopause.

Late menopause may actually have some health benefits, while early menopause could potentially cause problems. During menopause, the production of estrogen and progesterone by the ovaries declines. In early-onset menopause, this cessation may cause problems such as osteoporosis. The longer your ovaries produce estrogen and progesterone, the longer you can avoid osteoporosis.[6]Papadakis, G., Didier, H., Gonzalez-Rodriguez, E., Vollenweider, P., Waeber, G., Marques-Vidal, P.M., Lamy, O., (2016). The Benefit of Menopausal Hormone Therapy on Bone Density and Microarchitecture … Continue reading

If you’re still having periods in your late 50s and 60s, see your doctor. Each woman’s reproductive system is different, so don’t be alarmed until you’ve spoken to a doctor.

Treating Menopause Symptoms

You may experience one or several symptoms, or hardly any symptoms at all. You may not notice perimenopausal symptoms until you’ve almost reached the menopause phase. Your entire transition could finish in just a few years, or could last longer than a decade.

Everyone is unique, and there is no concrete answer. It takes seeing a primary doctor to evaluate your symptoms, locate where you are on the general timeline, and estimate how much longer you will have to put up with symptoms.

obgynWhile you are combating symptoms for an unknown period of time, look into common forms of relief. If you have medical conditions exacerbating the symptoms of menopause, such as arthritis, chronic pain, anxiety or depression, your doctor can help address these issues to potentially reduce menopause symptoms.

Menopause is a normal part of life, and several tried-and-true treatment options exist to help control and tolerate common symptoms. You can maintain your desired lifestyle while experiencing menopause with a tailored treatment plan. We have expert women’s health services, if you are seeking a gynecologist in Phoenix. Talk to us about your symptoms and concerns, especially if your perimenopausal symptoms negatively affect your quality of life. We’re here to help.

References

References
↑1 Sussman, M., Trocio, J., Best, C., Mirkin, S., Bushmakin, A. G., Yood, R., Friedman, M., Menzin, J., & Louie, M. (2015). Prevalence of menopausal symptoms among mid-life women: findings from electronic medical records. BMC women’s health, 15, 58. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12905-015-0217-y
↑2 Gold E. B. (2011). The timing of the age at which natural menopause occurs. Obstetrics and gynecology clinics of North America, 38(3), 425–440. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ogc.2011.05.002
↑3 Iqbal, J., & Zaidi, M. (2009). Understanding estrogen action during menopause. Endocrinology, 150(8), 3443–3445. https://doi.org/10.1210/en.2009-0449
↑4 Whitcomb, B. W., Purdue-Smithe, A. C., Szegda, K. L., Boutot, M. E., Hankinson, S. E., Manson, J. E., Rosner, B., Willett, W. C., Eliassen, A. H., & Bertone-Johnson, E. R. (2018). Cigarette Smoking and Risk of Early Natural Menopause. American journal of epidemiology, 187(4), 696–704. https://doi.org/10.1093/aje/kwx292
↑5 McKnight, K. K., Wellons, M. F., Sites, C. K., Roth, D. L., Szychowski, J. M., Halanych, J. H., Cushman, M., & Safford, M. M. (2011). Racial and regional differences in age at menopause in the United States: findings from the REasons for Geographic And Racial Differences in Stroke (REGARDS) study. American journal of obstetrics and gynecology, 205(4), 353.e1–353.e3538. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajog.2011.05.014
↑6 Papadakis, G., Didier, H., Gonzalez-Rodriguez, E., Vollenweider, P., Waeber, G., Marques-Vidal, P.M., Lamy, O., (2016). The Benefit of Menopausal Hormone Therapy on Bone Density and Microarchitecture Persists After its Withdrawal, The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism, Volume 101, Pages 5004–5011, https://doi.org/10.1210/jc.2016-2695
What Women Should Know About Minimally Invasive Surgery - AZ Gyn

What Women Should Know About Minimally Invasive Surgery

For women who are in need of gynecological surgery, the idea of “going under the knife” or “getting cut open” (especially “down there”) can be enough to scare off even the bravest and most confident of us.

But thanks to advances in surgical procedures, women today have many minimally invasive surgical options. In fact, it’s never been safer to get the surgery you need.

What Is Minimally Invasive Surgery?

To understand what minimally invasive surgery is, let’s look at what it’s not.

Traditional, or “open,” surgery involves making an abdominal incision large enough for the surgeon to see the area well and navigate the site with surgical tools. Although surgeons do their best to make the surgical incision as small as possible, there are practical limitations with this type of surgery.

Minimally invasive surgery (MIS), meanwhile, utilizes modern advances in technology that allow a surgeon to perform procedures using very small incisions, or in some cases, no incision at all.

Types of Minimally Invasive Surgery

Any type of surgery that isn’t open surgery and that involves minimal incisions can be considered minimally invasive surgery. However, there are two main types that we will explore here. Both use technology inserted through small incisions or natural orifices to perform the operation. Which one is used depends on the specific protocol of a particular surgery.

Endoscopic Surgery

Benefits of Minimally Invasive Surgery Bulleted List - Arizona Gynecology Consultants

Endoscopic surgery involves making small incisions – often less than an inch each – and inserting a small tube equipped with a tiny camera, and other tubes with microsurgery tools as appropriate. The tube can also be inserted through a natural orifice, such as the mouth or cervix, depending on the location to be operated on and the type of surgery.

The camera allows the surgeon to see an enlarged view of the surgical area for clear viewing. The small surgical tools give the surgeon the ability to make very precise cuts and sutures.

Other terms you might hear used for this type of surgery include:

  • Laparoscopy
  • Hysteroscopy
  • Keyhole surgery

Robotic-Assisted Surgery

Like with endoscopic surgery, microscopic cameras and tools are inserted through small incisions. However, during robotic-assisted surgery, the surgeon operates from a console with controllers and a high-definition screen. When the surgeon makes a movement with the controllers, the computer makes the movement more precise.

Robotic-assisted surgery is appropriate for delicate surgeries that benefit from the computer’s ability to perform movements that are more precise than what the human hand is capable of.

With both types of MIS, the surgeon is still very much in control of the operation, regardless of the technology used.

Like all surgeries, minimally invasive surgeries require a professional surgery center and well-trained medical staff with experience performing these types of procedures. Anesthesia needs vary; your doctor will discuss your options with you.

Benefits of Minimally Invasive Surgery

MIS is generally considered safer and more effective than traditional open surgery. Benefits include:

  • Smaller incisions
  • Lower risk of infection
  • Reduced blood loss
  • Less pain
  • Minimized scarring
  • Shorter hospital stay
  • Faster recovery time

The smaller incision means less healing time for the patient, and it reduces the chance of infection. This, in turn, leads to a shorter hospital stay and reduced expenses for the patient.

Professional women, in particular, enjoy the benefit of being able to rehabilitate to full capacity as quickly as possible, while still taking enough time for a full recovery after surgery.

How to Know If Minimally Invasive Surgery Is Right for You

Gynecological conditions that improve after minimally invasive surgery include:

  • Uterine fibroids
  • Endometriosis
  • Ovarian cysts
  • Pelvic organ prolapse
  • Cervical incompetence
  • Abnormal uterine bleeding
  • Pelvic pain

Minimally Invasive Gynecological Surgery in Phoenix, Arizona

Our experienced surgeons at Arizona Gynecology Consultants are well-practiced in advanced surgery techniques like minimally invasive surgery. Dr. Kelly Roy is our in-house specialist in gynecology and advanced endoscopy.

If you’ve been putting off a surgery or aren’t sure if your situation warrants surgery, make an appointment today to meet with one of our gynecological specialists. We have offices in multiple locations in the Phoenix area.

Whatever your surgical or reproductive needs, we’ll help you feel safe and well-cared for when you join the Arizona Gynecology Consultants family!

Identify The Signs And Symptoms Of Menopause - Arizona Gynecology Consultants

Clinical and Holistic Remedies for Menopause

Have you entered pre-menopause? Or are you already dealing with menopause?

Looking for ways to deal with the onslaught of changes your body is dealing with?

To illustrate the signs and symptoms of menopause, we have taken the time to produce an expansive, helpful infographic that features not only signs that menopause may be starting, but also clinical and holistic ways of alleviating these symptoms.

Signs Symptoms and Holistic Clinical Remedies for Menopause Infographic - Arizona Gynecology

Learn Even More About Menopause

What Are Uterine Fibroids - Arizona Gynecology Consultants

What Are Uterine Fibroids?

Uterine fibroids are small, benign tumors that grow in the uterus. They are made of the same type of cells found in the walls and connective tissues of the uterus.

In some cases, they embed in the walls of the uterus, but some fibroids will project from the outer surface of the uterus into the abdominal cavity. Others can cluster inside the uterus and project into the interior space of the uterus. [1]Farris, M., Bastianelli, C., Rosato, E., Brosens, I., & Benagiano, G. (2019). Uterine fibroids: an update on current and emerging medical treatment options. Therapeutics and Clinical Risk … Continue reading

The cause of uterine fibroids is not known, but some women are at higher risk of developing them than others. Black women receive uterine fibroid diagnosis 2 to 3 times as often as other women, [2]Stewart, E. A., Nicholson, W. K., Bradley, L., & Borah, B. J. (2013). The burden of uterine fibroids for African-American women: results of a national survey. Journal of Women’s Health, … Continue reading and uterine fibroids only rarely appear in young women who have not started menstruating.

Uterine fibroids will stop growing and dissolve over time after menopause.

What Does My Uterine Fibroid Diagnosis Mean?

Uterine fibroid diagnoses are incredibly common, [3]Zimmermann, A., Bernuit, D., Gerlinger, C. et al. Prevalence, symptoms and management of uterine fibroids: an international internet-based survey of 21,746 women. BMC Women’s Health 12, 6 … Continue reading and about 70 to 80 percent of women will receive a uterine fibroid diagnosis before age 50. If your doctor recently diagnosed you as having uterine fibroids, don’t be alarmed: Uterine fibroids are not cancerous, and the worst symptoms they cause are manageable. While this condition can cause some unpleasant symptoms, many women with uterine fibroids do not have any symptoms at all, and the condition is not medically threatening.

Possible Symptoms of Uterine Fibroids

Most uterine fibroids do not cause any noticeable symptoms. If a doctor discovers uterine fibroids that are asymptomatic during a routine gynecological exam, he or she will likely suggest a wait-and-see approach for monitoring the fibroids in the future. The doctor may wish to confirm the uterine fibroid diagnosis with imaging scans like an ultrasound or pelvic MRI.

Women who experience negative symptoms from uterine fibroids typically report painful or excessive bleeding during periods, or bleeding between periods. Uterine fibroids may also cause abdominal swelling or a feeling of fullness. [4]Viva, W., Juhi, D., Kristin, A. et al. Massive uterine fibroid: a diagnostic dilemma: a case report and review of the literature. J Med Case Reports 15, 344 (2021). … Continue reading

If fibroids compress the bladder, the woman may experience a frequent need to urinate or may have difficulty urinating. Uterine fibroids can also cause lower back pain and pain during sexual intercourse.

Excessive bleeding during periods is a common issue, and some women develop anemia from the blood loss and can suffer other medical complications as well. If these symptoms are severe enough, the woman’s doctor may recommend one of several possible treatment options.

What Are Uterine Fibroids: Treatment Options

A doctor will only treat a case of uterine fibroids if they are causing the patient significant discomfort. The type of symptoms the patient displays, and the severity of those symptoms, typically determines the best course of treatment.

Women who experience only mild pelvic pain may benefit from over-the-counter anti-inflammatory and painkiller medications like ibuprofen. If the pain is too severe for these drugs to handle, the woman’s doctor can prescribe a stronger medication.

Hormone Treatment

While doctors have yet to pinpoint the causes of uterine fibroids, they do believe that uterine fibroids have an easier time developing in an estrogen-rich system. Some doctors may wish to treat uterine fibroids with hormonal medication to limit estrogen production, but it’s important that women understand the effects of hormonal medications.

While a birth control pill may contain hormones that reduce excessive bleeding and decrease a woman’s pain during menstruation, birth control pills that contain estrogen can cause uterine fibroids to grow. This treatment would effectively only manage the symptoms while making the cause of those symptoms worse.

Uterine Fibroids and Pregnancy

Some women may wonder if uterine fibroids interfere with pregnancy. Since estrogen encourages fibroid growth, [5]Borahay, M. A., Asoglu, M. R., Mas, A., Adam, S., Kilic, G. S., & Al-Hendy, A. (2017). Estrogen Receptors and Signaling in Fibroids: Role in Pathobiology and Therapeutic Implications. … Continue reading a woman’s existing uterine fibroids may enlarge during the first trimester when estrogen levels are highest. However, the tumors will later shrink after birth.

Surgical Options

Advanced cases of uterine fibroids that cause significant pain and discomfort may require surgery. The two types of surgery that can solve a uterine fibroid problem are:

  • Hysterectomy
  • Myomectomy

If a woman undergoes a hysterectomy during her childbearing years, she will no longer be able to have children. Some women may not wish to have children, or any more children, and find this acceptable if it stops the unpleasant symptoms of the fibroids.

Women who wish to remove their uterine fibroids but still want to be able to bear children may opt for a myomectomy instead. A myomectomy procedure removes the uterine fibroid tumors while leaving the uterus intact.

Doctors perform myomectomies in three different ways:

  • Laparotomy: The doctor enters the uterus through a small incision in the abdomen to remove the uterine fibroids.
  • Laparoscopic myomectomy: The doctor uses a small, thin telescopic instrument through a small incision in the navel to reach the uterine fibroids.
  • Hysteroscopic myomectomy: A procedure which involves inserting a hysteroscope through the cervix to extract the uterine fibroids through the vaginal opening.

Finally, if a woman does not wish to undergo surgery and wants to keep her fertility intact, she can opt for a fibroid embolization procedure. This is a minimally invasive outpatient procedure during which an interventional radiologist shrinks the uterine fibroids by cutting off their blood supply. The patient will often be able to go home the same day as the procedure after a short recovery period.

Know Your Options

Uterine fibroids can be unpleasant and cause a host of problematic symptoms, so women should always refer to their gynecologists for their recommendations for treatment and handling symptoms. Arizona Gynecology Consultants works with a large network of trusted medical providers, so reach out to us if you have questions about managing your uterine fibroids.

References

References
↑1 Farris, M., Bastianelli, C., Rosato, E., Brosens, I., & Benagiano, G. (2019). Uterine fibroids: an update on current and emerging medical treatment options. Therapeutics and Clinical Risk Management, 15, 157–178. https://doi.org/10.2147/TCRM.S147318
↑2 Stewart, E. A., Nicholson, W. K., Bradley, L., & Borah, B. J. (2013). The burden of uterine fibroids for African-American women: results of a national survey. Journal of Women’s Health, 22(10), 807–816. https://doi.org/10.1089/jwh.2013.4334
↑3 Zimmermann, A., Bernuit, D., Gerlinger, C. et al. Prevalence, symptoms and management of uterine fibroids: an international internet-based survey of 21,746 women. BMC Women’s Health 12, 6 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1186/1472-6874-12-6
↑4 Viva, W., Juhi, D., Kristin, A. et al. Massive uterine fibroid: a diagnostic dilemma: a case report and review of the literature. J Med Case Reports 15, 344 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1186/s13256-021-02959-3
↑5 Borahay, M. A., Asoglu, M. R., Mas, A., Adam, S., Kilic, G. S., & Al-Hendy, A. (2017). Estrogen Receptors and Signaling in Fibroids: Role in Pathobiology and Therapeutic Implications. Reproductive Sciences (Thousand Oaks, Calif.), 24(9), 1235–1244. https://doi.org/10.1177/1933719116678686
What Is Infertility - Arizona Gynecology Consultants

Infertility – What It Is and How to Treat It

Medical professionals define infertility as the inability to conceive a child after at least one year of attempts. Every woman is unique and will conceive best under different circumstances, but getting pregnant is much easier for some women than others.

A diagnosis of infertility can also apply to women who can successfully become pregnant but then miscarry. Overcoming infertility is sometimes possible with various treatments and modern fertility technology.

What Is Infertility: The Fertilization Process

It’s quite difficult to become pregnant, considering the exact chain of events that must occur for conception to happen:

  • First, the woman must release a mature egg from one of her ovaries (called ovulation).
  • Next, the egg must travel through the fallopian tube into the uterus.
  • During this journey, a sperm cell from a male partner must come into contact with the egg and fertilize it.
  • Finally, the fertilized egg must implant itself on the inner wall of the uterus.

Anything that interferes with any step of this process can cause infertility. Different medical conditions can interfere with ovulation, fertilization and implantation.

If the male partner is the root of the couple’s inability to conceive, methods including artificial insemination and embryo cultivation may prove effective. If the infertility is due to an issue with the female partner, there are many possible explanations.

Problems with Ovulation

Some medical conditions such as ovarian cysts can interfere with a woman’s ovulation cycle. If a woman’s ovaries cannot mature and release an egg during ovulation, cysts can form and block the process. In other cases, inflammation in the ovaries or the fallopian tubes can prevent proper egg release.

Physical problems with the uterus can also prevent ovulation, such as uterine fibroids. One of the first signs of an ovulation problem is irregular periods or missed periods. Abnormal uterine bleeding and inconsistent menstrual cycles can make conception more difficult.

Lifestyle Factors

A woman’s lifestyle has a tremendous impact on her ability or inability to conceive. Diet, exercise, stress and medical conditions all impact fertility in different ways. For example, a woman with a poor diet, stressful job and inconsistent sleeping schedule will likely have a difficult time becoming pregnant. Or, her body may reject a fertilization due to the woman’s poor health.

Other lifestyle choices such as tobacco use and alcohol consumption can interfere with pregnancy as well. The medical community has heavily discouraged smoking and drug use among pregnant women for decades because of the serious harm these things can do to both mothers and unborn babies.

For example, a baby born to a mother who consumed alcohol while pregnant may have fetal alcohol syndrome. A baby born to a mother addicted to opioids will likely be born addicted to opioids as well.

Finally, sexual activity can have a big impact on fertility. Sexually transmitted diseases can cause a host of fertility problems and damage the reproductive system in different ways. Although some people have believed in the past that certain sexual positions increase or decrease the chances of conception, there is little scientific evidence to support these theories.

Testing for Infertility

When a couple is struggling to become and stay pregnant, their doctor will need to perform an extensive series of tests to uncover the root of the problem. This process can be stressful and emotional, and it’s important to be patient while the doctor performs the necessary tests to reach a definite answer for your infertility.

Typically, fertility testing will begin with the male partner. Male infertility issues are easily detectable and almost always revolve around problems with sperm. The first male fertility test is usually a semen analysis to determine the man’s sperm count, quality and shape.

If the male partner shows no clear evidence of being the cause of infertility, the doctor will then examine the female partner. The first step is to determine if and when the female is ovulating. There are many different methods a doctor may use to calculate a female patient’s ovulation cycle.

Female fertility tests often involve various imaging procedures such as X-rays and ultrasounds, but may also include hysterosalpingography, a process of injecting a special dye into the vagina that spreads throughout the reproductive system. This makes it easier for the doctor to spot blockages, blood clots or anatomical problems preventing pregnancy.

Some women may require a laparoscopic inspection. During such a procedure, the doctor will use a laparoscopic tool inserted into an abdominal incision to inspect the reproductive system from the inside.

Treating Infertility

Some couples who are experiencing fertility issues can find a solution with simple lifestyle changes, medication or other easy methods. Other couples will require a more robust form of treatment.

Medical science has progressed to an incredible degree, and various techniques can help modern couples conceive more easily. Artificial insemination and other assisted reproductive technologies are tremendously successful for many couples.

Arizona Gynecology Consultants works with a vast network of trusted medical providers who have experience in handling all types of infertility issues. If you’re curious about solutions for your fertility concerns, reach out to us and ask about the resources and options available in your area.

What Causes Abnormal Pap Tests - Arizona Gynecological Consultants

What Causes Abnormal Pap Tests?

All women will eventually undergo a Pap test, or Pap smear test, as a regular part of their routine medical examinations. Most women begin yearly Pap smear tests at age 21 or within three years of becoming sexually active. This procedure is one of the best methods for detecting signs of cervical cancer as early as possible, but it can detect other medical conditions as well.

During a Pap smear test, the gynecologist uses a special medical swab to remove a cell sample from the cervix, the lower opening of the uterus that connects to the vagina. Most women barely feel the test, but some experience mild cramping and discomfort as the gynecologist scrapes the cervix.

Reasons for Abnormal Pap Test Results

Some abnormal Pap smear test results happen because of relatively innocuous issues like yeast infections, bacterial infections or immune system irregularities. Smoking can cause abnormal cervical cell changes as well. Other times, an abnormal result can indicate a more serious infection.

Most abnormal Pap test results are the result of some types of the human papillomavirus (HPV). This sexually transmitted disease can linger dormant in a woman’s system for years before manifesting noticeable symptoms.

A woman may have HPV for years without ever noticing anything is wrong. The cell changes that occur from some types of HPV will fade on their own over time. Although, other types of HPV can lead to cervical cancer.

Limiting Your Risk of Contracting HPV

Since HPV is a sexually transmitted disease, maintaining responsible sexual habits and practicing safe sex are two of the best ways of protecting yourself from the virus and other sexually transmitted infections.

Women who have sex with multiple partners, have sex without condoms, or have sex with one partner who also has other partners are at a higher risk of contracting HPV than women in monogamous sexual relationships.

Symptoms of Abnormal Pap Tests

A Pap smear test detects changes in cervical cells, but these changes do not entail symptoms on their own. Depending on the type of change occurring, a woman may experience a variety of possible symptoms.

Different sexually transmitted diseases cause their own set of symptoms, such as:

  • Abnormal vaginal discharge
  • Lumps
  • Blisters
  • Sores
  • Warts on the genital area
  • A burning sensation or discomfort during urination or intercourse
  • Rashes

What Do My Test Results Mean?

Gynecologists deliver Pap smear test results with different classifications based on the doctor’s findings. A result of “normal” indicates that the sample cells are healthy, and that there are no irregularities in the patient’s cervix.

An “unsatisfactory” result indicates a problem with the test sample. If the lab technician cannot properly read a sample, the patient will have to retake the examination.

Another possible outcome is “benign changes,” or a relatively normal result with some minor irregularities. These benign changes can include inflammation of the cervical cells, and the gynecologist will likely recommend further tests or treatment for the cause of the inflammation.

Finally, some Pap smear tests will lead to “ASCUS” results, or “atypical squamous cells of undetermined significance.” These results break down further into more specific categories.

Possible Results and Follow-Up Tests

After an ASCUS reading, the gynecologist will sometimes recommend another Pap test later or send the patient for additional screenings. Women under the age of 24 who receive abnormal Pap test results typically receive one of the following diagnoses:

ASC-H

Women who receive this diagnosis have cervical cells that display signs of HPV. The doctor will recommend a colposcopy as a follow-up exam. A colposcopy is a more in-depth inspection of the vulva, vagina, cervix and uterus using cameras and illumination devices to spot signs of infection and other abnormalities.

Low-Grade Squamous Intraepithelial Lesion (LSIL)

This result indicates infection with HPV. The gynecologist will assess the patient’s condition, and if she appears healthy, she may not require further action aside from another Pap test the following year. If the next Pap test has the same result, the doctor will send the patient for a colposcopy.

High-Grade Intraepithelial Lesion

This result is a more advanced version of a LSIL result and indicates the patient is at a high risk of developing cervical cancer.

Atypical Glandular Cells

This result indicates changes in the glandular cells of the cervix, and the patient will need a colposcopy for further examination.

Cancer

This is rare, but some women unfortunately develop cervical cancer at a young age. The doctor will refer the patient to an oncologist to begin cancer treatment. This is one of the most important reasons for women to undergo yearly Pap smear tests.

Receiving abnormal results can be alarming, but it’s important for women to understand that an abnormal result does not necessarily indicate cervical cancer. An abnormal result simply means that the cells fall outside the normal range and require closer examination. The chance of receiving a cancer diagnosis from an abnormal Pap test result is quite small.

Ask Questions and Take Charge of Your Health

Patients at Arizona Gynecological Consultants can rest assured that the providers we work with are committed to patient health and safety. Be sure to ask all questions you may have about your Pap smear test or results at your next appointment.

What are the Types of Birth Control - Arizona Gynecology Consultants

What Are the Different Types of Birth Control?

Birth control is a major decision for every woman. Choosing the right birth control option isn’t always about contraception, either; some women use different types of birth control to manage the symptoms of gynecological conditions such as endometriosis, ovarian cysts and abnormal uterine bleeding issues.

Birth Control Preferences by State

If you’re considering starting birth control, changing the type of birth control you use, or making other decisions about birth control, it’s important to know your options and speak at length with your doctor about your concerns with any of those options.

Types of Birth Control

Birth control exists in both preventive and situational forms. Some women with hormone irregularities benefit from hormone-based birth control options while other prefer intrauterine devices (IUDs) that have a less hormonal impact. Other women prefer permanent birth control methods.

Before starting any type of birth control, make sure you fully understand the intended effects and potential risks.

Hormonal Birth Control

Hormonal medications in pill form are how millions of American women manage their family planning and control any uterine conditions. It’s easily the most popular form of birth control,

Hormonal birth control exists in pill form as well as dermal patches, injections and implants. Some intrauterine devices also qualify as hormonal birth control, because they release different hormones into the bloodstream.

It’s vital to consider the potential side effects of these options, however. Some women prefer alternatives to hormonal medications due to their effects on mood, cognition and sleep.

Intrauterine Devices

IUDs provide an effective alternative to hormonal medications. It’s important to remember, however, that some IUDs still contain hormones. Non-hormonal IUDs physically obstruct the fertilization process and last anywhere from five to 10 years. Some women elect to have IUDs with low doses of hormones to manage severe menstrual cramping.

Some patients experience complications with IUDs due to anatomical difficulties, incompatibility with materials, and other factors. If you have an IUD implanted, it’s crucial to follow your doctor’s directions and call immediately if you believe the IUD has dislodged from its proper position.

Barrier Contraceptives

As the name suggests, this method of birth control involves placing a barrier between the uterus and a partner’s sperm cells. One of the most common forms of barrier birth control is condom use, but it’s important to remember that condoms are not foolproof.

Condoms can break or degrade, and it’s important to always check a condom for expiration date and package integrity first. If a condom’s package is open, damaged, punctured or torn, discard it and use a new one. If a condom breaks during intercourse, it’s best to stop and have your partner put on a new one before continuing.

Other forms of barrier birth control devices include diaphragms and vaginal sponges. These methods are not surefire methods for preventing pregnancy and require reapplication or reinsertion every time you have sex.

A diaphragm is essentially a reverse condom that fits inside the vagina and holds to the cervix with a ring. The outer layer protrudes from the vagina and the partner enters inside the diaphragm, which then catches the partner’s sperm cells.

Vaginal sponges, on the other hand, effectively soak up the partner’s sperm cells for disposal.

Fertility Awareness

Some couples do not use traditional birth control methods for personal or religious reasons. These couples can often successfully manage their family planning by keeping close tabs on the woman’s menstruation and ovulation schedule. During times when the woman is most fertile, the couple can simply abstain from sex or use barrier contraceptives.

Sterilization

Some women and couples do not wish to ever have children. In these cases, permanent methods of birth control work very well. Sterilization involves either a vasectomy for men or a tubal ligation for women.

A vasectomy is an outpatient procedure that is minimally invasive, reversible and entails very mild discomfort and easy recovery. Tubal ligation is a more invasive and permanent option, so couples should discuss these options at length to decide what would work best for them.

Managing Your Birth Control

Unless you plan to rely solely on barrier birth control methods or fertility awareness, you need to know the various effects any type of birth control will have on you and your body. Hormonal birth control medications and devices can sometimes complicate preexisting medical conditions or conflict with certain aspects of your lifestyle. For example, birth control may not be as effective for a smoker as it would be for a non-smoker.

Women who are pregnant or breastfeeding should not use birth control until a doctor advises that it is safe to do so. The hormones in most birth control options can cause serious fetal harm or other complications with pregnancy.

Women who have had different types of cancer, undergone certain medical procedures or who have serious health problems (such as heart disease, blood clots, diabetes or high blood pressure) need to be careful with birth control as well.

The staff at Arizona Gynecology Consultants is always available to answer patients’ questions and address all concerns about birth control. Starting or changing birth control isn’t an easy thing to do, and our providers aim to provide holistic care that treats the whole person. Learn more about the different birth control options by contacting Arizona Gynecology Consultants today.